Apuntes históricos sobre la Gastroenterología en el mundo, Cuba y Matanzas / Historical notes on Gastroenterology. Its development in the World, Cuba and Matanzas

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de resumir algunos aspectos destacados de la historia de la Gastroenterología en el mundo, en Cuba y especialmente en Matanzas, se expusieron cronológicamente hechos relacionados con el tema, y se destacó el aporte y el papel desempeñado por diferentes médicos en la especialidad (AU).

ABSTRACT With the objective of summarizing several significant aspects of the history of Gastroenterology in the world, in Cuba and especially in Matanzas, facts related with the theme were chronologically exposed, and the contribution and role played by different personalities in the specialty were highlighted (AU).

Dinámica praxiológica, endoscópica y asistencial del residente de Gastroenterología en la atención a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo / Praxiologic, endoscopic and assistance dynamic of the gastroenterology resident in the care to patients with digestive system neoplasms

Introducción: En la formación del residente de Gastroenterología todavía se perciben limitaciones en cuanto al tratamiento, la prevención y la pesquisa de neoplasias del sistema digestivo, lo que indica la necesidad de un proceso pedagógico que tipifique y eleve la importancia de una praxis asistencial más coherente y comprometida con las necesidades de salud de la población. Desarrollo: Los referentes epistemológicos sobre este tema revelan una limitada sistematización de la dimensión asistencial respecto a la atención a pacientes con tumores digestivos, pues no se ha logrado integrar el diagnóstico, la prevención y la terapéutica en la intervención holística endoscópica de los especialistas de esta rama de la medicina. Conclusiones: La dinámica praxiológica, endoscópica y asistencial que se propone en esta investigación deviene lógica de sistematización formativa que favorece el perfeccionamiento de la práctica clinicoendoscópico-asistencial de este especialista en la atención holística a pacientes con neoplasias del tracto gastrointestinal.

Introduction: In the training of the Gastroenterology resident are still limitations perceived as for the treatment, prevention and investigation of the digestive system neoplasms, what indicates the necessity of a pedagogic process that typifies and elevate the importance of a more coherent and committed assistance practice with the population's health needs. Development: The epistemological referents on this topic reveal a limited systematization of the assistance dimension regarding care to patients with digestive tumors, because it has not been possible to integrate the diagnosis, prevention and therapy in the holistic endoscopic intervention of the specialists of this branch of medicine. Conclusions: The praxiologic, endoscopic and assistance dynamic that is suggested in this investigation becomes logic of training systematizing that favors the improvement of this specialist's clinicoendoscopic-assistance practice in the holistic care to patients with gastrointestinal tract neoplasms.

Experiencia de educación continua en línea en gastroenterología para médicos no especialistas / Experience of continuing online education in gastroenterology for non specialist medical doctors

Background: Continuing education is essential for health professions and online courses can be a good way for professional development. Aim: To describe the experience with online courses for continuing education in hepatology and gastroenterology and to analyze their educational impact. Material and Methods: A three years' experience in courses on liver diseases and digestive tract is described. Their curricular design, methodology, and the educational impact was analyzed using the four levels of the Kirkpatrick's model. Results: On average, there were 321 students per course (2015-2017). 94% were Chilean and 6% from abroad (20 countries). In the educational impact analysis, in level 1 "reaction": 93% said that the course fulfilled their expectations and 92% would recommend it. In level 2 "learning": 42% approved the courses. Level 3 "behavior" was not evaluated and level 4 "organizational change" highlighted that the traditional face-to-face continuing education model of Chilean Gastroenterology Society (SChG) changed to full distance model in these three courses, with 1284 students from South America, Asia and Europe, in a 3-years-period. Additionally, these programs were included in the Medical Society of Santiago (SMS) continuing education agenda. Conclusions: The alliance between the SMS and the SChG generated on line courses that meet the educational needs of physicians and medical students, with excellent results and student perception.

Percepción del gastroenterólogo sobre las necesidades de educación médica continua en el Perú / Perception of the gastroenterologist about the needs of continuing medical education in Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la percepción del gastroenterólogo sobre las necesidades de educación médica continua (EMC) en el Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. La muestra fue no probabilística. Se aplicó una encuesta a los gastroenterólogos miembros de la Sociedad de Gastroenterología del Perú. El cuestionario se elaboró en base al "Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Educational Needs Assessment Report" con una escala tipo Likert de 5 puntos (1= no necesario y 5= indispensable). Se determinó el promedio de los puntajes obtenidos en cada uno de los 33 ítems de las áreas clínica, endoscópica y métodos de aprendizaje. Resultados: Hubo 75 participantes y la edad promedio fue 43,40 años (DE ± 10,22 años). El lugar de trabajo principalmente fue Lima (68%) y la mayoría (50,67%) tuvo un tiempo de servicio menor de 5 años. La percepción de necesidades educativas en el área clínica fue mayor para el cáncer gástrico (4,37 ± 0,87) y el cáncer de colon (4,37 ± 0,83); en el área endoscópica fueron la polipectomía (4,15 ± 0,95) y las técnicas de emergencia (4,13 ± 0,99). Los principales métodos de aprendizaje para los gastroenterólogos fueron la asistencia a congresos (4,29 ± 0,83) y los talleres endoscópicos (4,19 ± 1,06). Conclusiones: La percepción del gastroenterólogo encuestado sobre las necesidades de EMC fue principalmente sobre temas de cáncer gástrico y de colon. La mayoría de ellos consideró la asistencia a congresos como el principal método de aprendizaje.

Objective: To determine the perception of the gastroenterologist about the needs of continuing medical education (CME) in Peru. Material and methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. The sample was not probabilistic. A survey was applied to the gastroenterologists members of the Society of Gastroenterology of Peru. The questionnaire was developed based on the "Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Educational Needs Assessment Report" with a Likert scale of 5 points (1 = not necessary and 5 = indispensable). The average of the scores obtained in each of the 33 items of the clinical, endoscopic and learning methods areas was determined. Results: There were 75 participants and the average age was 43.40 years (SD ± 10.22 years). The place of work was mainly Lima (68%) and the majority (50.67%) had a service time of less than 5 years. The perception of educational needs in the clinical area was higher for gastric cancer (4.37 ± 0.87) and colon cancer (4.37 ± 0.83); in the endoscopic area were polypectomy (4.15 ± 0.95) and emergency techniques (4.13 ± 0.99). The main learning methods for gastroenterologists were attendance at congresses (4.29 ± 0.83) and endoscopic workshops (4.19 ± 1.06). Conclusions: The perception of the gastroenterologist surveyed on the needs of CME was mainly on gastric and colon cancer issues. Most of them considered congress attendance as the main learning method.

Ex Vivos Models to Teaching Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound (T-EUS) / Modelos ex-vivo en aprendizaje de la ecoendoscopia terapéutica (EE-T)

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound training has a learning curve greater than the other endoscopic therapeutic techniques. One of the preclinical teaching methods is the use of ex vivo porcine models. Aim: To describe five ex vivo porcine models for training in therapeutic echoendoscopic procedures. Materials and methods: Using porcine digestive tract containing esophagus, stomach, duodenum, spleen, liver and gallbladder, five models for therapeutic echoendoscopy training were described. With other segments of the porcine pieces (such as the bladder, spleen segment and omentum segment) and with easily accessible materials (such as grape and ultrasound gel), lesions were simulated to be treated. These models were applied in the Hands on course at the IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos of 2017. Endoscopic equipment and instruments are the same as those used in clinical practice. Result: The models are easily reproducible and do not require exchange during the hands on course period. Endoscopic and echographic imaging and tactile sensitivity are similar to the real one. Conclusion: The models described in this study demonstrated to be realistic, easy to reproduce and allow repetition during the same session. However, comparative studies are necessary to verify the real impact on teaching

Racional: El entrenamiento de la ecoendoscopía tiene una curva de aprendizaje mayor que las demás técnicas endoscópicas terapéuticas. Uno de los métodos de enseñanza preclínica es el uso de modelos porcinosex vivos. Objetivo: Describir cinco modelos porcino sex vivo para entrenamiento de procedimientos ecoendoscópicos terapéuticos. Materiales y método: Utilizando el tracto digestivo porcino, que contiene esófago, estómago, duodeno, delgado, hígado y vesícula biliar, se han descrito cinco modelos para el entrenamiento de ecoendoscopía terapéutica. Con otros segmentos de la pieza porcina (como vejiga, segmento de delgado, bazo y omento) y con materiales de fácil acceso (como uva y gel de ecografía), se simularon lesiones a ser tratadas. Estos modelos se aplicaron en el curso Handsonenel IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos de 2017. Los aparatos e instrumentos endoscópicos son los mismos utilizados en la práctica clínica. Resultado: Los modelos forman de fácil reproducibilidad, no siendo necesario el cambio de la pieza porcina durante el período del curso Handson. La imagen endoscópica y ecográfica y la sensibilidad táctil son similares a la real. Conclusión: Los modelos descritos en este trabajo han demostrado ser realistas, de fácil reproducción y permiten repetición durante la misma sesión. Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos son necesarios para verificar el impacto real en la enseñanza

Hiperentorno educativo para el aprendizaje de la gastroenterología pediátrica / Educational hypercontext for learning of pediatric gastroenterology

La computación, como medio de enseñanza, ha popularizado el uso de software educativos para la solución de problemas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El desarrollo acelerado de la información determinó la necesidad de elaborar un hiperentorno educativo que apoye la enseñanza y aprendizaje del módulo de Gastroenterología Pediátrica durante la Residencia en Gastroenterología. Se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, las tendencias pedagógicas contemporáneas, el software educativo y los hiperentornos en particular Crheasoft. Se determinaron las necesidades de aprendizaje de los residentes en el ßrea de Pediatría, mediante las encuestas realizadas a los residentes y las entrevistas a los profesores. Finalmente se decidió abordar los temas de pólipos y síndromes polipósicos y enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales. Se realizó un Hiperentorno Educativo que permite acceder a información actualizada, galerías de imágenes, ejercicios interactivos y bibliografía complementaria.

Computer Science, as a teaching tool, has extended the use of educational software to solve difficulties in the teaching-learning process. The accelerated development of information determined the need of creating an educational hypercontext to support teaching and learning of pediatric gastroenterology contents during the specialization course on Gastroenterology. A literature review was carried out on information and communication technologies, contemporary pedagogical approaches, educational software and hypercontexts, particularly Chreasoft. Through surveys to residents and interviews of professors, it was possible to determine the learning requirements of residents in pediatrics specialization. Finally, it was decided to include topics such as polyps and polyp syndromes, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The resulting educational hypercontext allows having access to updated information, galleries, interactive exercises and supplementary bibliography.

Evaluación para el aprendizaje: experiencia en un curso teórico de pregrado en medicina / Assessment for learning: experience in an undergraduate medical theoretical course

Background: Assessment for learning is a paradigm that is taking shape in the field of medical education. This approach aims to embed the assessment process within the educational and learning process. Aim: To evaluate the impact of curricular changes, from a focus of assessment of learning to one of assessment for learning, in the perception of undergraduate students of medicine and their final grades obtained in a theoretical course (TCG). Material and Methods: In the year 2011 lectures were reduced and intermediate assessments followed by a feedback session were introduced. The activities of each program course, surveys about student perceptions of the course and the final grades of students (assessments with multiple choice questions) were compared between the periods prior and after curricular changes (2005-2010 and 2011-2013). Results: As a consequence of curricular changes, time for lectures was reduced by 19.5%, time for summative assessments was increased by 8.5%, and feedback activity, occupying 7.3% of the course time was added. There were significant improvements in student is perceptions in all areas assessed by surveys, emphasizing feedback and assessments. The overall grade assigned to the course dictated after implementing the changes increased from 6.18 to 6.59 (p < 0.001, 1-7 scale). The grades of students also improved from an average of 5.78 to 6.43 (p < 0.001, 1-7 scale). Conclusions: Assessment for learning achieved the desired educational impact without increasing the assigned curricular time. Programmatic assessment is favorably perceived by students.

Adult education: gastroenterology training today / Educación en el adulto: entrenamiento en gastroenterología

La educación en gastroenterología ha cambiado en los años recientes y el criterio de calidad es ahora la meta principal. La educación en el adulto no es intuitiva sino que tiene que ser aprendida. En nuestros días la educación del post graduado en gastroenterología necesita de periodos mayores de aprendizaje debido al desarrollo constante de nuevas técnicas y también porque el e-aprendizaje y la e-enseñanza han entrado al ruedo.

Gastroenterology education has changed in recent years and the quality criteria are now the aim of it. Adult education is not intuited, it is to be learned. In our days post graduated education needs longer periods of training, because of the everyday development of new techniques and also because the e-learning /e-teaching has appeared in the arena.

Conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con giardiasis: resultados de una encuesta aplicada a gastroenterólogos: Ciudad de La Habana / Kowledge, perceptions and practice with respect to giardiasis: results of a survey applied to gastroenterologists: city of Havana

Estudio sobre los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los gastroenterólogos de Ciudad de La Habana, en relación con la infección por Giardia lamblia. Previo consentimiento informado, a los gastroenterólogos que prestaban servicios en la red de hospitales e institutos de investigaciones de Ciudad de La Habana en el período que se realizó la investigación (63 de 71) se les aplicó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con esta parasitosis. La preparación de la encuesta pasó por cuatro fases: 1) entrevistas a médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis; 2) preparación de un cuestionario preliminar en base a los resultados de esas entrevistas; 3) sometimiento del instrumento a criterio de expertos y 4) validación del mismo mediante su aplicación a un pequeño grupo de galenos. Se evidenció que en relación con la giardiasis y, de manera particular, con las manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas a esta, los gastroenterólogos mostraban conocimientos insuficientes (de 19 interrogantes que evaluaban aspectos cognoscitivos, la media de respuestas correctas entre todos los participantes fue de 9,87), y algunas percepciones inadecuadas. En la dirección de atenuar estas dificultades se hace necesaria una intervención de tipo académica que permita perfeccionar el trabajo de los profesionales relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de esta parasitosis(AU)

To ascertain the level of knowledge, the perceptions and practice of gastroenterologists in the City of Havana with respect to Giardia lamblia infection. Methos: with prior informed consent given by the gastroenterologist from the City of Havana, to 63 gastroenterologists- a number very close to the universe of these experts in the province- were administered a survey of their knowledge, perceptions and practice about this parasitosis. The survey was prepared in 4 phases; that is, interviews to physicians on diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis; drafting of a preliminary questionnaire based on the interview results; submission of this instruments to the experts, and finally its validation through its application to a small group of physicians. Results: it was evidenced that the gastroenterologists in the City of Havana had poor knowledge about giardiasis, particularly its cutaneous manifestations (out of 19 questions on cognitive aspects, the correct answer mean was 9,87) and some inadequate perceptions. Conclusions: with the aim of mitigating these difficulties, some academic intervention is needed to improve the work in relation to parasitic diseases in general and giardiasis in particular(AU)

A contribuição da medicina baseada em evidências para a introdução de novo conhecimento na prática clínica / The importance of evidence-based medicine concepts for the clinical practitioner

Com a vasta produção científica e o surgimento de novas terapias e equipamentos, torna-se fundamental que o gastroenterologista lance mão de instrumentos que o auxiliem na avaliação crítica do "novo" conhecimento, que poderá ou não ser incorporado a sua prática clínica. A medicina baseada em evidências consiste neste instrumento. Associando conceitos da informática médica e da epidemiologia clínica, a medicina baseada em evidências tem como único e maior objetivo o paciente. Assim, na análise crítica do "novo conhecimento", o movimento da medicina baseada em evidências valoriza os ensaios clínicos corretamente aleatorizados, com grupo controle e casuística adequados, com desfechos claramente expostos e clinicamente válidos. Quando os resultados dos ensaios clínicos são conflitantes, o movimento valoriza o instrumento da revisão sistemática, de preferência tratada do ponto de vista estatístico, conhecida como metanálise. Utilizando estas ferramentas, torna-se mais objetiva e ética a incorporação de novos tratamentos à prática gastroenterológica.

The acceptance or refusal of new therapies and technologies pose a formidable problem for the daily practice of the gastroenterologist. It is of utmost importance to adopt clear strategies to select the true evidences from the huge amount of new medical information. Gathering fundamental concepts of clinical epidemiology and medical informatics, evidence-based medicine (EBM) build up those strategies keeping the patient as the main objective of its application. The evidence-based medicine movement values the randomized controlled clinical trials, with adequate sample size and clear and valid outcomes. Facing conflicting results from those trials, evidence-based medicine values the systematic review and whenever possible its statistical counterpart, the meta-analysis. Evidence-based medicine provides valuable tools for the ethic and less subjective incorporation of new treatments and technologies in gastroenterology.